The early morning light lances gleefully through the holes in your mini-blinds, searing your tender eyelids and turning your slothful dreamworld bloody pink. For some of us, dawn brings a hellish realization that we’ll trudge through the day wearing a shroud of exhaustion, a clammy sheet of fatigue that will dull our senses, smarts and motivation. We’re called “night owls,” and we’re forced to live in a world run by early risers.

Researchers in Portugal have proven what we’ve always known; night people are burdened with greater sleep debt during the week, sleep more on weekends and suffer more sleep-wake irregularities than early birds. Ana A. Gomes, of the University of Aveiro in Portugal, studied 1,654 undergrads at her university, where most classes start at 9 a.m. She found that night people were at a significant disadvantage when compared to early risers. Their performance and grades suffered, as did their sleep. She found the same performance deficits even after night owls were given a few weeks to adjust to a morning schedule.

Gomes believes that the university should adapt to the students’ variations in sleep-wake cycles, offering at least two different schedules. From the ScienceDaily article:

“Given the inevitable existence of diurnal-type variations from person to person, we may infer that any single standardized schedule is likely to be inappropriate. We share the idea that a wiser alternative would be the availability of at least two schedules (early/later), so that all diurnal types may gain. Sleep education would also be of great value in helping students to better adjust the sleep-wake cycle to externally imposed timetables.”

With any luck, Gomes’ suggestion will be taken to heart, both in school and in the workplace. A simple switch in schedule could improve learning and productivity for night owls. Globalization and digitally connected virtual offices should also help shatter rigidly structured work schedules. Internet connectivity means that workers and students can collaborate without being in the same space, or even country, 24-hours a day.

Link to ScienceDaily article.

A U.C. Berkeley team has rejuvenated geriatric stem cells, restoring their youthful vigor and ability to rebuild damaged muscle tissue. With a simple injection of bioengineered antibodies, crotchety mice were able to recover from strenuous exercise and injury as well as spry young mice. The trick? The antibodies modified how adult stem cells respond to natural chemical signals that trigger aging.

 Irina Conboy, assistant professor of bioengineering and an investigator at the Berkeley Stem Cell Center and at the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), led the research team. She noticed that adult mice stem cells, when placed in “young” blood, behaved like young stem cells. They kicked into overdrive, dividing and repairing. Conversely, young stem cells slowed to a crawl when placed in “old” blood.

The researcher discovered that the cells were responding to two natural chemical signals via a set of receptors. The first receptor, called Notch, activates elated cell replication. The second, a receptor for the protein TGF-beta, sets off a chain reaction that slows cell division. Too much Notch and cells can divide too quickly, hastening tumor and cancer growth. Too much TGF-beta and adult stem cells slow down; cells succumb to the ravages of aging.

Conboy and her team knocked out the “aging pathway” that halts cell replication using a method of RNA interference and a custom antibody. The result: Old mice with the stem cells of young mice.

More research needs to be carried out before any such methods can be used on humans. Conboy fears that interrupting the aging pathway could lead to hyperactive cell division and increased rates of cancer. 

Link to U.C. Berkeley article.

Craig Venter etched his name into the annals of history by decoding the human genome (his own genome, in fact) in less time than it takes the ebola virus to replicate. Now he has his sights set on oil. In a recent Newsweek interview with Fareed Zakaria, Venter outlines his plans to genetically engineer bacteria that will suck up C02 and spit out ethanol or biodiesel. The bug could solve two of humanity’s biggest problems—global warming and a dwindling supply of fossil fuels. From the interview:

Zakaria: How are you going to create the fuel of the future? 
Venter: We think multiple fuels of the future are going to come out of biology, by manipulating the genetic code of simple organisms to convert things like sugar or sunlight or carbon dioxide into fuels that people are very familiar with, like diesel fuel and gasoline.

What would a “refinery” that uses microorganisms to create fuel look like? 

They’re just large, bacteria-processing fermenters. People are familiar with this: that’s how wine and beer are made. We’re using similar processes, but ones that are designed to produce much more complex molecules than ethanol, and therefore fuels that will be much higher in energy content, and will work well with the existing energy infrastructure.

How close are you to creating an organism that can produce fuels in this way? 
We think the first fuels are maybe one to two years away. We’re definitely thinking in terms of years, not decades.

It’s a must-read interview that’ll fill even the most pessimistic doomsday prognosticators with warm fuzzy optimism. Kinda like wine and beer. All hail our genetically modified bacterial overlords!

Link to Newsweek article. 

Photo: Date Palms from Wikipedia

A team of Swiss and Israeli scientists recently discovered a 2,000-year-old stash of desiccated date seeds near the Dead Sea and, in a fit of horticultural madness, planted them. Against all odds, one of the ancient seeds sprouted, becoming the oldest known seed to germinate. 

The date pits were found among the heat-blasted ruins of the Masada Fortress in Israel. The area was once legendary for its delectable dates, but the trees of yore have long since disappeared. Scientists believe that the recently revived date palm is related to the mythical trees—it’s genetically distinct from any contemporary date species. The plant’s genes could unlock the secrets to breeding more resilient varieties of date palms. 

Link to NewScientist article.

Why settle for one lovable pooch when you could have two genetically identical lovable pooches? U.S. biotech firm BioArts International is auctioning off its recently perfected dog cloning service to five lucky pet owners on June 18th. The company has been working since 1998 to make dog clones a reality and has, to date, xeroxed at least four pups. 

The company uses somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to spawn the canines, the same procedure that scientists used to create Dolly, the first sheep clone, at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. The process involves swapping the nucleus (and thus, DNA) of an animal’s cell with the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell. If the switcheroo works, the clone will grow. Clones begotten by SCNT aren’t genetically identical to their parents, however. SCNT does not clone mitochondrial DNA, so the dopplegangers are actually genetic chimeras, borrowing mitochondrial DNA from the donor egg cell.

BioArts International is an offshoot of Genetic Savings & Clone, a company known for its cat duping service. The company grew the world’s first cat clone in 2001 and began replicating felines for customers in 2004. Lou Hawthorne, CEO of Genetic Savings & Clone, founded BioArts International in 2006 to research companion animal cloning, livestock cloning and human genomics. The company has been granted the only worldwide license for cloning cats, dogs and endangered species.

Link to gizmag article.

Link to BioArts site about the first dog clones.

In a move reminiscent of one of the most popular sci-fi plots of the 20th century, the U.S. military is planning to use the world’s fastest super computer to watch over its nukes. The computer, made by IBM, goes by the name “Roadrunner” and uses about 20,000 processors. It runs at ”petaflop speeds,” the equivalent of one thousand trillion calculations per second and is about twice as powerful as the last great super computer, also made by IBM. 

Roadrunner uses the famed “cell” processor, developed by IBM, Sony and Toshiba for the PlayStation 3, to crunch numbers. It employs other standard processors for autonomic functions. Combined, Roadrunner has enough juice to keep an eye on the U.S. nuclear stockpile while simultaneously parsing astronomical, genomic and weather data. The computer will be housed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico.

IBM has several more petaflop computers in the works and plans to make the computers commercially available.

Link to BBC article.

Either it’ll give you the screaming heebeegeebees or fill you with a rapturous awe of nature: Fetal cuttlefish can identify and remember prey through the gelatinous, translucent shells of their eggs. That’s right, everyone’s favorite tentacle-mustachioed mollusk is a dyed-in-the-wool killer before birth.

It’s the first known instance of a fetus learning visual cues and scientists are wondrously confounded. So how does one teach a fetal cuttlefish? Ludovic Dickel and a team of scientists at the University of Caen Basse-Normandy, France, simply placed crabs alongside cuttlefish eggs. These cuttlefish preferred to dine on crab when they grew up. Cuttlefish who aren’t exposed to crab before they hatch prefer shrimp.

Dickel believes the fetal cuttlefish can see through their shells and make mental menus of their future prey.

Add this feat to the cuttlefish’s already impressive list of talents: dextrous tentacles, ink cloud, hydro-jet propulsion and color-changing dermis.

Link to BBC article.

Researchers at UC Berkeley are working with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to target and eliminate (with extreme prejudice) genetic weaknesses that can cause general performance deficits in otherwise healthy people.

The team of scientists, led by researcher Nicholas Marini and molecular and cell biology prof Jasper Rine, hope to pinpoint small genetic defects that can affect the efficiency of common enzymes. These enzyme deficiencies don’t express themselves as full-blown illness, but can cause fatigue, general malaise and other mild symptoms that can really screw up your day. Once the weaknesses are identified, doctors should be able to brew customized vitamin concoctions to counteract them.

ScienceDaily recently spoke with Marini. From the interview:

“Our studies have convinced us that there is a lot of variation in the population in these enzymes, and a lot of it affects function, and a lot of it is responsive to vitamins,” Marini said. “I wouldn’t be surprised if everybody is going to require a different optimal dose of vitamins based on their genetic makeup, based upon the kind of variance they are harboring in vitamin-dependent enzymes.”

No news on whether these super serums would turn the average cubicle jockey into a superstar, but the research looks promising so far. The team injected a sampling of human genes that code for an enzyme called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) into yeast cells. The enzyme uses the B vitamin folate to build DNA nucleotides. The researchers found that some variations of the gene were better at synthesizing MTHFR than others. They were then able to add supplements to the yeast diet to make up for the differences.

Marini and Rine guess that most people have about five rare mutant enzymes that could be counteracted with proper supplementation. 

From the ScienceDaily interview:

“There are over 600 human enzymes that use vitamins or minerals as cofactors, and this study reports just what we found by studying one of them,” Rine said. “What this means is that, even if the odds of an individual having a defect in one gene is low, with 600 genes, we are all likely to have some mutations that limit one or more of our enzymes.”

With the price of genetic testing approaching an all-time low (some estimate that it’ll soon cost about 100 bucks for a full sequence), the findings seem promising.

So what’s the DARPA connection? Again, from the ScienceDaily interview:

“Our soldiers, like top athletes, operate under extreme conditions that may well be limited by their physiology,” Rine said. “We’re now working with the defense department to identify variants of enzymes that are remediable, and ultimately hope to identify troops that have these variants and test whether performance can be enhanced by appropriate supplementation.”

Link to the ScienceDaily article.